The field of English language instruction is changing quickly due to artificial intelligence (AI), especially in specialized areas like human rights (HR). This literature review examines the role of AI, with a focus on ChatGPT, in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for IR and HR students. The study synthesizes recent research (2023–2025) on opportunities, challenges, and pedagogical implications of AI integration, highlighting its potential  to enhance  language proficiency,  provide personalized  feedback, and  generate authentic  professional materials.  Ethical and  practical concerns,  including bias,  accuracy, and  overreliance, are  discussed alongside  strategies for  responsible implementation.  The review  identifies key  gaps in  the literature,  such as  limited research  on speaking  and listening  skills and  long-term impacts on  learner autonomy  and professional  competence. Findings  suggest that  ChatGPT, when  used under  structured guidance,  can support  effective and  ethically informed  ESP instruction  in high-stakes global  contexts